The election was won by D.V. He writes: “Violence was the coin of this political commerce. Because they enjoyed political support, they, in turn, suppressed Dalits. It made them aware of their socially and constitutionally guaranteed rights to dignity and livelihood, and they began asserting themselves. Sasivarna Thevar was born in the southern part of the Madras province. Enjoy reading as many articles as you wish without any limitations. My main political agenda is to bring equality among castes and to form a new social order, in which there is no possibility of exploitation. In between there are many intermediate castes. The Mudukulathur region in the same district, which in 1957 had seen a fortnight-long violence, is free of tension so far. Now most Dalits have come out of the clutches of those political parties. However, there was no one to guide and organise them properly. The print medium all over the world is no exception. To continue enjoying Frontline, you can turn off your adblocker or subscribe to Frontline digital. In the years following the riots both communities have used the memory of Mudukulathur for political mobilisation, and the event continues to have strong resonance in contemporary politics. There are more than 2,000 castes even among the backward communities and more than 100 castes among the Scheduled Castes. They were under the influence and leadership of political parties run by others (other castes). A by-election was held in the Mudukulathur assembly constituency on 1 July 1957, as Thevar had resigned from his assembly seat. IT is quite paradoxical that a socially progressive State such as Tamil Nadu should have a long and despicable track record of discriminatory practices against Dalits. There are thousands of castes in the country. Since political leaders are often seen as icons of their caste community, I had to identify every person who played a part.”. MUDUKULATHUR RIOT(1957): A by-election was held in the Mudukulathur assembly constituency on July 1, 1957, as Thevar had resigned from his assembly seat. The print medium all over the world is no exception. What is your political agenda? No.45 (MS), Public (General-A), (Confidential), Department, 11, September 1958: “[Muthuramalinga] Thevar abused Immanuel Sekaran as a man of straw and questioned his audacity to sit with him on equal terms as a leader.” Muthuramalinga Thevar left the meeting after chiding his followers for allowing “Immanuel to talk back to him”; the developments eventually culminated in his murder. T.V. In 1934 he joined the movement organized by Muthuramalinga Thevar to oppose the Criminal Tribes Act CTA. Their assertion led to prolonged clashes in the east Ramanathapuram region, which reached a flashpoint in 1957 when Immanuel Sekaran was murdered. on 11 September 1957.2 Immanuel's death resulted in the Mudukulathur riots, a clash between the Devendirars and Thevars that lasted for a few weeks. The election was won by D. V. Sasivarna Thevar of the Forward Bloc. The murder of Immanuel Sekaran precipitated the situation. The Nayak kings used them as policemen against the sons of the soil. In 1957, during the run-up to state assembly by-elections in Tamil Nadu, violence broke out in Mudukulathur—a southeastern town in the state—between the Thevars, the regionally dominant caste, and the Devendrakula Vellalars, a Dalit community. During the British rule, certain restrictions had been imposed on them. Migration and, to an extent, religious conversion enabled them to gain access to employment and education. He has been vocal and fairly consistent in his ideologies That being said, let's see this case “rationally” and why leaders like Thol. Memories of the Mudukulathur riots have been moulded to perpetuate and intensify caste conflict in the region ever since. The election was won by T.V. Dalits were then completely unorganised, uneducated. He did significant work among Dalit victims of the brutal police action at Kodiyankulam in Tuticorin district in 1995 (Frontline, October 20, 1995). “Astute he was, his tactics to handle Muthuramalinga Thevar politically bore fruit. Ukkirapandi Muthuramalingam Thevar (30 October 1908 – 30 October 1963), also known as Pasumpon Muthuramalinga Thevar, was an Indian political leader. Hello Select your address Best Sellers Today's Deals Electronics Gift Ideas Customer Service Books New Releases Home Computers Gift Cards Coupons Sell Their assertions took the shape of a movement after educated leaders started emerging from within. After the 1957 general elections, it became more or less a case of personal enmity between Muthuramalinga Thevar and Kamaraj, which percolated down to the party cadre and to members of the caste. The Kallars, Maravars and Agamudaiyars, who call themselves Thevars, are the traditionally denotified tribes, and their concentration is heavy in the southern districts. A well-researched attempt to document the social conflict, the book traces the history of the Mudukulathur riots. In 1957, there was not much awakening. His observation that “conflict in any society is often an outcome of political, social and economical change” sets the tone and tenor of his work. The Mudukulathur riots and Dalits like Immanuel Sekaran did not figure even in the Dravidian discourse or Non-Brahmin Movement as a problematique. Between the Mudukulathur riots of 1957 and the caste-related violence in recent years, do you see any significant change in the Dalit response? mudukulathur riot(1957): A by-election was held in the Mudukulathur assembly constituency on July 1, 1957, as Thevar had resigned from his assembly seat. In an interview to S. Viswanathan he discussed Dalit-related issues and explains his party's political agenda. In the recent incidents in Ramanathapuram, apart from Dalits, Muslims were also targeted. That is why there have been repeated incidence of violence. Sasivarna Thevar of the Forward Bloc. Prof K.A. Rajagopal: ‘The minimum courtesy should be to consult people whose lives are affected’. Copyright © 2021, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. He later joined the Indian National Congress. ... the 1957 ramnad riots, in which 42 dalits were killed, occurred as a consequence of devendrar's murder. Sasivarna Thevar of the Forward Bloc. They have started rallying round Puthiya Tamilagam. Subscribing to the online edition, I am confident, will make it mutually beneficial. A by-election was held in the Mudukulathur assembly constituency on 1 July 1957, as Thevar had resigned from his assembly seat. The election was won by D.V. Today, there is a memorial for Immanuel Sekaran in Paramkodi in southern Tamil Nadu. And after independence, political parties used them for their own ends. The killing of Immanuel Sekaran in September 1957 became a major flashpoint in Tamil Nadu politics. The COVID-19-induced lockdown and the absolute necessity for human beings to maintain a physical distance from one another in order to contain the pandemic has changed our lives in unimaginable ways. Many have written well-researched volumes on the riots and its repercussions, both in Tamil and English. The political developments had a direct bearing on the clashes involving Pallars and Thevars on the one hand and Nadars and Thevars on the other in East Ramanathapuram. Immanuel Sekaran was born on October 9, 1924 in Sellur village in Mudukulathur, ... Later, the C.N.Annadurai-led DMK government released all those arrested in connection with the 1957 riots. His determination won the appreciation of those who had been disillusioned with the disruptive politics of Thevar.” At the same time, he takes pains to refute the allegation that Kamaraj instigated the Pallars against the Thevars in order to safeguard the Nadar community. 1957-ம் ஆண்டு தமிழக உள்துறை அமைச்சராக இருந்த எம். There are no local issues between the people of the two castes involved. We organised a big conference in Ramanathapuram recently. “The Congress,” he agrees, “projected itself as the defender of Dalit interests in Ramanathapuram district.” The Pallars seemed to have received more relief than the Thevars during and in the aftermath of the riots. The Pallars recollect the riots as the first bold sign of resistance against the caste-based slavery they had languished under for centuries. Though there has been a rivalry between Devendirars and Thevars since Mudukulathur riots, it cannot be reduced simply to a caste feud; rather this is rooted in the dialectics of the The election was won by D. V. Sasivarna Thevar of the Forward Bloc. Quoting from the minutes of the peace meeting, the author says that Muthuramalinga Thevar had accused Nadars of distributing firearms to “Harijans and Nadars to destroy the Thevar community”. Readers who have been part of this journey are our source of strength. “We cannot hold U. Muthuramalinga Thevar responsible for how people behaved during the Mudukulathur riots in 1957. Later, the C.N.Annadurai-led DMK government released all those arrested in connection with the 1957 riots. On the other hand, the Thevars remained backward in education and, as noted in a Government Order (G.O.) Get full access to 22 years old archives. He refers to the editorial, titled “Stop the rot”, in The Hindu of September 22, 1957: “It is difficult to believe that the flare-up is wholly spontaneous….”. In 1957, there was not much awakening. A by election was held in the Mudukulathur assembly constituency on July 1, 1957, as Thevar had resigned from his assembly seat. The S. Venkateshwaran one-man commission of inquiry exonerated the police. Scores of Dalits and Thevars were killed in riots and police firing even as property and crop were damaged. But most of the works have been written from a caste perspective. 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He argues that the differences between the two political parties, the All India Forward Bloc, led by Muthuramalinga Thevar, and the Congress, led by Kamaraj, were the main source of the hatred between the Thevars and the Pallars and between the Nadars and the Thevars. The Communist Party of India was denied permission to attend it. However, the victory triggered controversy which resulted in the murder of Congress Dalit leader Emmanuel Sekaran and fuelled the 1957 Ramnad riots . Thevar dominance was such that they were a “law unto themselves” in the region. mudukulathur riot(1957): A by-election was held in the Mudukulathur assembly constituency on July 1, 1957, as Thevar had resigned from his assembly seat. The Thevars remember the riots as “state violence,” unleashed by the then Congress government led by K. Kamaraj, to destroy the esteem their leader, Muthuramalinga Thevar, enjoyed among the members of his caste and the caste’s dominance in the region. In his concluding chapter, the author says that there was no immediate reaction to the murder as “it would take time to germinate”. The dominance of Muthuramalinga Thevar and his All India Forward Bloc in East Ramanathapuram district and the Rajaji-led Congress Reform Committee, a breakaway faction of the Congress, which supported Muthuramalinga Thevar, was an embarrassment to the Congress. Buy Murder in Mudukulathur by Manikumar, K a online on Amazon.ae at best prices. However, Manikumar says that Kamaraj was not innocent. Only then can one think of joining hands with other forces. Earlier in his political career, Krishnasamy was influenced by Marxism. Sasivarna Thevar. Sasivarna Thevar of the Forward Bloc. The election was won by D.V. Ramnad riots. Although the narration lacks lucidity, with repetitions and casual editing that obstruct the reading experience, it is without doubt a valuable work on the Mudukulathur riots. What happened in Ramanatha-puram is neither a caste clash nor a communal clash that originated locally. Get full access to 22 years old archives. It was a planned attack, organised outside the district and executed in Ramanathapuram district in the name of organising a conference. Until the turn of the 20th century, the Thevars, whom the author says were “prisoners of their own predilections”, were dominant in East Ramanathapuram, and the government was virtually non-existent. Such clashes are not new—dating back to the Mudukulathur riots of 1957 at least17—but the violence of the 1990s was a direct response to Dalit assertion and attempts to escape dependence. Move smoothly between articles as our pages load instantly. Move smoothly between articles as our pages load instantly. Sasivarna Thevar was an Indian politician. However, in a later chapter, he acknowledges that “the Pallar retaliation was certainly due to the work of Immanuel Sekaran”. Memories of the Mudukulathur riots have been moulded to perpetuate and intensify caste conflict in the region ever since. Copyright © 2021, THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD. 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Muthuramalinga Thevar’s followers believed that Kamaraj had betrayed their leader since they believed it was he who helped Kamaraj enter Madras provincial politics in the 1930s and launch his political career. The situation in the area was tense on the day that the results were released, and there was a sizeable presence of police forces in place. The episode of violence at a Wistron iPhone assembling facility near Bengaluru was not the ploy of a set of rogue managers but is in tune with the nature of global value chains, where companies engage in exploitative practices to be profitable. Krishnasamy was detained under the Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA) during the Emergency in 1976. Prof K.A. He became the leader of the All India Forward Bloc (AIFB) in Tamil Nadu, and was national deputy chairman of the party from 1952 onwards. in 1957, were not able to “reconcile [themselves] to the present democratic conditions and cannot believe that the feudal system is vanishing fast”. It is a long journey indeed. In 1957, there was not much awakening. By then, the animosity between Muthuramalinga Thevar and Kamaraj had become intense. CRC was formed just one month before the 1957 elections to the Lok Sabha and the Madras state legislative assembly. The situation in the area was tense on the day that the results were released, and there was a sizeable presence of police forces in place. He makes a sincere attempt to set the record straight, plug the gaps in the narratives, and present the raw documented facts, which many historians failed to do for reasons best known to them. Sasivarna Thevar of the Forward Bloc. In the 1930s, with the help of Christian missionaries, Dalits got educated and subsequently became economically empowered. Panikkar, convened a peace meeting at Mudukulathur on September 10, 1957, which was attended by Muthuramalinga Thevar and his men, Perumal Peter and Immanuel Sekaran, and Veluchamy Nadar, a representative of the Nadar caste. An upsurge could be seen among the Pallars in the 1940s and the 1950s. The author also refers to the editorial in The Hindu of October 12, 1957: “It seems that the recent troubles are not solely of communal origin and that political differences dating from the first general elections and intensified by the recent byelection in Mudukulathur have been also responsible.” The Hindu, in fact, had demanded a judicial inquiry into the riots. There should first be emancipation of Dalits. The leaders brought all caste-based atrocities to the notice of the state. It is also true that in this surcharged environment, genuine and objective works of a few writers and historians have been distorted and sometimes even dismissed as being “casteist”. In 1952 the Congress came to power and in 1957, it returned to power amid the emergence of regional parties, mainly the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). The author K.A. Manikumar says that his arrest “caused no major law and order problem” and adds that “by the second week of October, the violence has abated”. The election was won by T.V. Subscribe to The Frontline now and get unlimited access. However, he adds that “[Muthuramalinga] Thevar’s actions after Independence wiped clean his nationalist legacy”. We have a good rapport with Muslims. Murder in Mudukulathur is the first extended study of this watershed moment. They were under the influence and leadership of political parties run by others (other castes). Owing to violence in the after math of the 1957 Mudukulathur bye-election, the district collector convened a peace meeting where all caste leaders, including the powerful Muthuramalinga Thevar of Forward Bloc, were invited. The killing of Immanuel Sekaran in September 1957 became a major flashpoint in Tamil Nadu politics. In-depth analysis of issues and events in India and around the world. This seemingly caused a shift in the political and caste symmetry in the region. Memories of the Mudukulathur riots have been moulded to perpetuate and intensify caste conflict in the region ever since. It was followed by anti-Dalit violence in the villages of Nadunalumuthalikkinaru, Kodiyankulam and Sankaralingapuram (in Tuticorin district in the late 1990s); the murder of Murugesan, a Dalit panchayat president, in Melavalavu in Madurai (2000); the struggle of elected presidents to assume office in the reserved village panchayats of Pappapatti, Keeripatti and Nattamangalam, all in Madurai (2000); the arson and looting at the Natham Dalit colony near Dharmapuri following an inter-caste marriage (2008); and the murder of Shankar, a Dalit youth, following his inter-caste marriage, at Udumalpet town (2017). Congress Reform Committee (CRC) was formed just one month before the 1957 elections to the Lok Sabha and the Madras state legislative assembly. Exploiting the volatile situation, the then Congress party and Kamaraj set off a series of political manoeuvres that dislodged the Thevars from their dominant position. Dalit assertion today is growing, with a new breed of educated and economically empowered Dalits, including a tiny group of radical Ambedkarites, active in the social and literary arenas, besides engaging themselves in grass-roots-level activism. ... and special precautionary measures were put into operation in Mudukulathur taluk. The hatred for each other during the last two months resulted in a number of clashes between these two parties and was responsible for creating tension in this taluk.”, An analysis of the pattern of the conflagrations in the book indicates that the murder of Immanuel Sekaran “did not evoke any organised protest from the Dalit community [immediately]” since the caste violence “had been fierce with battles involving Thevars on one side and Pallars and Nadars on the other”. N. Ram, Chairman, THG Publishing Private Limited, who spoke on the occasion, said: “The author should be praised for providing a critical historical account of what happened in 1957 and for treading a difficult ground as it could lead to a reaction.” The author has anchored his arguments in archived records, quoting extensively from various sources, especially the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly’s debates and notes on the failed no-confidence motion moved against the then Congress government, to explain the politics behind the clashes. After Mudukulathur, the major act of Dalit assertion resulting in violent flare-ups happened in Bodinayakkanur in today’s Theni district in Tamil Nadu in the 1980s. ... Later, the C.N.Annadurai-led DMK government released all those arrested in connection with the 1957 riots. The situation in the area was tense on the day that the results were released, and there was a sizeable presence of police forces in place. Do you think that Dalits' problems can be solved in isolation from the struggle by other oppressed sections of society? The Ramanathapuram Collector, C.V.R. Since the Mudukulathur riots and the murder of the Dalit leader Immanuel Sekaran (September 11, 1957) at Paramakudi town in Ramanathapuram district and the gory incident in Keezhvenmani in Thanjavur district in which 44 Dalit agricultural workers were burnt to death (December 25, 1968), Dalits have been asserting themselves against feudalistic forces. You have reached your limit for free articles this month. At the bottom are Dalits. Subscribing to the online edition, I am confident, will make it mutually beneficial. For political reasons, the conditions were lifted all on a sudden, without providing time for effecting a smooth social transformation. The police firing at Keelathooval village, which resulted in the death of five Thevar men on September 14, 1957, “was the outcome of the government’s determination to adopt a tough stand against Thevars”, according to Manikumar. The party's first State-level conference was held in mid-September in Ramanathapuram. He writes: “So the argument that the Pallars rioted only at the instance of the Chief Minister Kamarajar or some wealthy merchants of the Nadar community scarcely holds water.”, At the book’s launch in Chennai, Manikumar said: “I have tried to deal with it as dispassionately as possible. K. Krishnasamy, 44, a Coimbatore-based cardiologist, gave up practice to fight for the cause of Dalits and formed the Devendra Kula Vellalar Federation (DKVF) in 1995. The COVID-19-induced lockdown and the absolute necessity for human beings to maintain a physical distance from one another in order to contain the pandemic has changed our lives in unimaginable ways. I continue to be a Marxist. Murder in Mudukulathur is the first extended study of this watershed moment. Today, there is a memorial for Immanuel Sekaran in Paramkodi in southern Tamil Nadu. They were under the influence and leadership of political parties run by others (other castes). This incident triggered a political and social churning that continues to influence politics in Tamil Nadu. Enjoy reading as many articles as you wish without any limitations. Manikumar’s Murder in Mudukulathur: Caste and Electoral Politics in Tamil Nadu (2017) helps set the record straight. Muthuramalinga Thevar questioned the participation of Immanuel Sekaran, saying that “he [Muthuramalinga Thevar] was the sole representative of both Thevars and Pallars”. Drawing on a vast amount of primary sources, the author narrates the sequence of events leading to the caste conflagration of 1957, and its political and social fallout. MUDUKULATHUR RIOT(1957): A by-election was held in the Mudukulathur assembly constituency on July 1, 1957, as Thevar had resigned from his assembly seat. Drawing on a vast amount of primary sources, the author narrates the sequence of events leading to the caste conflagration of 1957, and its political and social fallout. Dalits were then completely unorganised, uneducated. https://mayday.leftword.com/blog/post/murder-in-mudukulathur Although the party did not win a single seat, its performance was impressive in a few constituencies. It is a long journey indeed. Immanuvel devendrar was born on 9th october 1924 to Mr.Vedhanayagam (School Teacher and founder of Devendra kula vellalar sangam,Mudukulathur) and Mrs.Gnanasoundhari Ammal in a village of Sellur, which is located in Mudukulathur Taluk in Ramanathapuram district,Tamil Nadu . With support from Pallars and Nadars, the Congress even increased its vote share in the region after the 1957 elections, although it could not post a win against Muthuramalinga Thevar. The election was won by T.V. The resources needed to keep up the good work that Frontline has been doing for the past 35 years and more are immense. Manikumar is careful not to romanticise the issue, being fully aware of the need to make an honest assessment as it has the potential to influence sociopolitical narratives in Tamil Nadu and draw flak from casteist elements that are perennially in denial mode and refuse to view the past with a historical perspective. You were a Marxist earlier in your political career. A person belonging to an economically weaker section and a backward caste should first consider as his equal a Dalit who is similarly poor. The Nadars accused the Thevars of organising a boycott of Nadar shops. There is greater awareness. Sasivarna Thevar won the by-election for the Mudukulathur assembly constituency vacated by Muthuramalinga Thevar, in July1957, the pro-Congress dalits clashed with pro-AIFB Thevars, and the clashes spread throughout the constituency. In the years following the riots both communities have used the memory of Mudukulathur for political mobilisation, and the event continues to have strong resonance in contemporary politics.
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