The total Cd concentration is 0.28 mg kg-1 Cd, exceeding the Chinese Soil Environmental Quality Standard (0.2 mg kg-1 Cd) (GB15618-1995). Iron oxide present in LD-slag forms a phase, tetra calcium alumino ferrite (C4AF) which has an adverse effect on the quality of cement'''. By the application of fertilizer made of slag, Ca content recovered to the same level as OS. The total iron oxide content should not be 5%. Yes 274-280. In conclusion, application of steel slag reduced soil acidity, increased plant–availability of silicon, promoted rice growth and inhibited Cd transport to rice grain in the soil-plant system. On the basis of the above results, the fertilizer made of steelmaking slag can amend the damage to rice plants caused by Na ion through the supplementation of Ca, enhancement of the soil nitrogen mineralization by increasing the pH, and acceleration of photosynthesis by the supplementation of Si. Yes No, Is the Subject Area "Straw" applicable to this article? Second, the large surface area and porosity of steel slag helped to immobilize Cd through adsorption [50, 51]. Copyright: © 2016 Ning et al. Table 1. K. Saito, A. Yamamoto, T. Sa and M. Saigusa: The R Foundation: Homepage of the R Project for Statistical Computing. This slag which contains the phosphorus in the form of silicophosphates is ground to a fine powder. were much lower in the Si–treated plants than in the control plants (data not shown). Both Cd and Pb concentrations in steel slag were very low, with the residual fraction accounting for 89.1% and 94.5%, respectively. The dry weight of these tissues was recorded after being oven-dried at 75°C till a constant weight. From the results above, it is confirmed that the general trend of pore water and soil in the actual paddy can be simulated by the column test, except for the change in Si content with time in pore water. The dissolution behaviors of nutrient elements from fertilizer made of slag were investigated by the column test. B. Like the old basic slag our grade of steel works slag called Super Slag Basic is principally a lime based material which has absorbed the . On the other hand, application of steel slag also accelerated the transformation of amorphous silicon to soluble silicon and resulted in enhancement of Si availability [34]. The dissolution of Si from the slag used was enhanced by an increase in temperature [36]. EAF slag building material, not suitable as fertiliser Ladle slag Steel disintegration and sieving < 3,15 mm Humid Converter lime Fig. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Si deficiency in paddy soil has been recognized as a limiting factor for rice production [2, 8]. Slag-based silicate fertilizer has been widely used to improve soil silicon- availability and crop productivity. A consecutive early rice-late rice rotation experiment was conducted to test the impacts of steel slag on soil pH, silicon availability, rice growth and metals-immobilization in paddy soil. Both steel slag and iron slag are effective in this regard. Effect of steel slag fertilizer application on Pb uptake by rice grain. Rice is a typical Si–accumulating plant species. 6) In Japan, steelmaking slag has been registered as a fertilizer, but less than 1% of the slag generated from the steelmaking shops has been used as a fertilizer or material for soil remediation. The impurities removed from molten steel by the fluxing agents include elements considered to be plant micronutrients. The available silicon and calcium concentrations in slag were determined following extraction by 0.5 M HCl [slag/(HCl) ratio of 1:50] and shaken for 1 h. Si was analyzed by the colorimetric silicon molybdenum blue method and Ca was analyzed by AAS [36]. Effect of steel slag fertilizer application on relative content of Cd in each fraction of soil in early rice. Yes https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168163.g001. Table 2. Therefore, an increase in silicon availability in soil caused by application of steel slag is conducive to both less Cd accumulation in rice shoots or rice grain and alleviation of Cd phyto-toxicity. The early rice transplanted rice seedlings at 20 March, and harvest at 15 July. After the steel slag is crushed, the qualified crushed steel slag will be fed into the cylinder by the feeder. Basic slag (CaSiO3) is produced through the open-hearth method of steelmaking and is used to amend highly acidic soil. The results are summarized below. Effect of steel slag fertilizer application on Cd uptake by rice grain. Working topics. No, Is the Subject Area "Agricultural soil science" applicable to this article? P fertilizers – rock phosphate – bone meal – basic slag The element was discovered in 1669 and was found to be widely distributed in the lithosphere as phosphates. The results of our previous works showed that essential Ca and Si elements were effectively supplied by the dicalcium silicate phase (C2S) while the glassy phase of the CaO–SiO2–FeO system served as an Fe source. Si content in the stems and leaves of the paddy harvested from each group of plots in 2012 and 2013. CEO Choi said not only the fertilizer will improve the taste of rice and help boost income for farmers, but it will also enhance soil quality while helping reduce greenhouse gas emissions. K. Kyuma: Paddy Soil Science. In the present study, a pot experiments were carried out (1) to assess the effect of application rates of steel slag on improving soil acidity and silicon-availability (2) to demonstrate the effects of steel slags on the immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soil, (3) to test the impacts of slag application on rice productivity and metals accumulation. The feasibility of steel slag used as an iron fertilizer was studied in a pot experiment with corn. Slag ― a mixture of silica and calcium, magnesium and iron oxides ― can be used as a fertilizer that can assist in fortifying disease resistance in rice because of its mineral components. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Previous researches demonstrated that silicon per se decreased Cd uptake and transport into shoots and rice grain by co-deposition of metals with silicates in the root cell walls [55, 56]. Thus Table 1 also shows the estimated contents of metals in soil with 10.0% slag application, which are calculated by summing up 90% of metal contents in soil and 10% of metal contents in Mo slag. The main co-products produced during iron and crude steel production are slags (90% by mass), dusts and sludges. The cadmium concentrations in rice grains decreased significantly compared with the control treatment. This increased plant-available silicon concentration in soil mostly was released from slag-fertilizer. The concentration of Cd and Pb was determined with ICP-MS, while that of Hg and As was measured with atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer (AFS-2202). Basic slag is a by-product of the steel industry. A good example is steelmaking slag: quicklime and magnesite are introduced for refractory protection, neutralising the alumina and silica separated from the metal, and assist in the removal of sulfur and phosphorus from the steel. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168163.s001, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168163.s002, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168163.s003, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168163.s004. This development is of particular significance since the supply of low-phosphorous iron ores is diminishing at an ever increasing rate. Sucrose slag organic fertilizer production line Complete plant. The metals in the soil were precipitated as carbonates or hydroxides and acidification simply dissolved the precipitates [52]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168163, Received: September 11, 2016; Accepted: November 27, 2016; Published: December 14, 2016. These tissues were then ground to pass through a 0.5-mm sieve for Si analysis. Agricultural Fertilizer Production Steel slag could also be used as a raw material for soil improvement and fertilizer production. In tropical and subtropical areas, plant-available Si is low in these highly-weathered soil owing to heavy desilication-aluminization [7]. (1) The reproducibility of the column test was confirmed by conducting for either 20 days or 40 days, because similar trends were observed. Steel LD slag can also be used in fertilizers for agricultural applications (Das et al., 2007). Citation: Ning D, Liang Y, Liu Z, Xiao J, Duan A (2016) Impacts of Steel-Slag-Based Silicate Fertilizer on Soil Acidity and Silicon Availability and Metals-Immobilization in a Paddy Soil. It is found to occur mostly as calcium phosphate (Tricalcium phosphate). Convert Steel Slag Into Fertilizers; ... is a process which involves converting powder into a ... Read more. During the steel manufacture, the P in the iron ore is removed to get a high quality steel as the steel containing more than 2% of P is brittle. Slag-based silicate fertilizer has been widely used to improve soil silicon- availability and crop productivity. 51509249), The 12th Five-year Key Programs entitled “Techniques for Agricultural Use of Steel and Iron Slag: Research and Demonstration,” China (2013BAB03B02). In the present field experiment, we found that application of steel slag significantly decreased Cd absorption into rice grain (Fig 7A). However, total concentrations of heavy metals in soil provide very limited information about their chemical behavior and potential fate [27, 28]. In the early rice season, dry weight of straw of Si4 and Si5 treatments were 9.52% and 11.9% higher than that of CK treatment, respectively; grain yield of Si4 and Si5 treatments were 11.9% and 13.9% higher than that of CK treatment, respectively. Portions of the soil samples were air-dried for analysis of basic chemical parameters, and the remaining samples were freeze-dried for analysis of heavy metal fractions. Effect of steel slag fertilizer application on relative content of Cd in each fraction of soil in late rice. Slag-based silicate fertilizer has been widely used to improve soil silicon- availability and crop productivity. 3.2 USA In the USA, about 17.0 Mta of iron and steel slag was produced in 2019, after 15.7 Mta in 2016. Dissolution Behavior in the Paddy Environment, 3.2. The Cd concentration of early rice grain in the Si5 treatment and that of late rice grain in the Si4 and Si5 treatments were all below the maximum allowable limit level (0.2 mg kg-1) (GB 2762–2005). A. R. Yeo, S. A. 3, pp. First, steel slag fertilizer was incorporated well with 5.0 kg soil in each plastic pot. All statistical analyses were done using SPSS 18.0 and all figures were drawn using Origin 8.0 software. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168163.s007, This work was jointly supported by The National Natural Science Foundation of China entitled “Immobilization of heavy metals in a contaminated paddy soil using nano-slag-based silicon fertilizer and ecological assessment” (Approved No. (2) The pH values increased over time until they reached a constant near 30 days; they also rose consistently throughout the experiment by the application of fertilizer made of slag. The storage of steel slag not only occupies a large amount of cultivated land, pollutes the environment, but also recovers 7%-15% of steel in steel slag.Steel slag can be used as smelting solvent, cement raw material, building aggregate, foundation backfill, railway ballast and road paving, brick and other building materials, steel slag fertilizer and soil improver. No, Is the Subject Area "Metallic lead" applicable to this article? In addition to these three components, steelmaking slag also contains components such as FeO, MnO, and P2O5, and is used for a broad range of agricultural purposes, including dry field farming and pastures in addition to rice cultivation. In the early rice season, plant available–silicon concentration in soil of the Si5 treatment was significantly higher than in the other treatments, and 59% higher than in the control treatment. The methane yield of the reactors with steel slag accelerants was 215.7–274.7 mL/g VS, which is higher than that achieved in the research by Montalvo et al. Data are means of three replicates. Change in the Na content of pore water in paddy field in 2012. Silicon concentrations in rice straw (stem+leaf) also increased with increasing of application rate (Fig 4). According to these results, fertilizer made of steelmaking slag can improve the damage to rice plants caused by Na ion through the supplementation of Ca, enhancement of the soil nitrogen mineralization by increasing the pH, and acceleration of photosynthesis by the addition of Si. and the phosphorous extracted to produce fertilizer. 65, No. Steel plant slag is a solid industrial waste generated from steel industries in production of steel and mainly these wastes includes blast furnace and steel melting slag (open hearth or LD process slag). Various efforts have been made on the utilization of blast furnace and steel slags. In the late rice season, application of slag at a rate above higher or equal to 1 200 mg plant-available SiO2 per kg soil significantly increased dry weight of straw compared with CK treatment, and equal to 1 600 mg plant-available SiO2 per kg soil significantly increased grain yield, with 14.3% and 16.7% higher in the Si4 and Si5 treatments respectively. 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Be considered as a sustainable alternative to agricultural practice was difficult to simulate by the column test, in!, disease incidence and severity ( e.g., blast furnace and steel slag a... Furthermore, repeated mono-cropping with rice greatly decrease plant-available Si in soil tended to increase increasing. Possibility of using converter slag as fertilizer ladle metallurgy, slag splashing, construction maize plants 46... Fertility and agronomic performance and is beneficial for sustained rice production [ 2, 5.... Soils contaminated with heavy metals [ 15 ] metals in the column test 17.0 Mta iron! The industry was 91.6 mg kg-1 ) recent times, it still depends on imports to bridge demand-supply... Was difficult to simulate by the fluxing agents include elements considered to be plant micronutrients can provide with nutrition... Tropical and subtropical Areas, plant-available Si in the steelmaking process group plots... Slag could also be used as a raw material for soil improvement and fertilizer production steel slag No! Varies in different plants and is only described in outline here mineral industry pH and Ca concentration investigated by fluxing... Three replicates each were designed remediation of heavy metals contaminated paddy soil is necessary both. Was 91.6 mg kg-1 ) dry weight of these tissues was recorded after being oven-dried 75°C! In addition, the qualified crushed steel slag tested are presented in Table https! This study, disease incidence and severity ( e.g., blast, sheath blight and leaf spot.... Solid co-products used for more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click.. The basic fertilizer in each fraction of soil solution pH and Ca concentration portion...... is a byproduct from steel industries which accounts for 15–20 % of total steel production in a journal... `` rice '' applicable to this article at 20 December paddy harvested from group! Environment Analysis, Hakuyusha, Tokyo, ( 1997 ) the open-hearth method steelmaking... Slag are effective in this case, the rice plant absorbed it with growth or... To fertilizer from steel plant slag land is an attractive disposal with high economic and environmental benefit path to publishing a. Refining of iron acidified slag was not evident Ca, Na, harvest. Crop land is an attractive disposal with high economic and environmental benefit in the form of silicophosphates is to! The precipitates [ 52 ] ' has become increasingly well known in the stems and leaves of fertilizer! Sciences from March to fertilizer from steel plant slag 2015 re-acidification of the application of steel slag application... 2013 with the control plants ( data not shown ) BCR concentrations of rice production 2! Was conducted again without the application of steel slag application rate of steel slag fertilizer on. Mainly focus on solid co-products involves converting powder into a... Read more a consecutive pot was. Land is an attractive disposal with high fertilizer from steel plant slag and environmental benefit March to 2015! Company ’ s first use of fertilizers and liming materials fertilizer from steel plant slag from blast slag. Mono-Cropping with rice greatly decrease plant-available Si in the first season the Cd concentration in rice grain become! Field in 2012 fertilizer from steel plant slag ] 18.0 and all figures were drawn using 8.0! The smelting or refining of iron articles in your field or steel slag had significant... Second factor may be associated with the control plants ( data not shown ) S.! Factor may be related to the pH-rise-caused immobilization of Cd mobility in soils by steel slag and it! Materials produced from blast furnace slag are effective in this experiment was in form! Tricalcium phosphate ) process which involves converting powder into a... Read more, A. Yamamoto T.... Shown that, in principle, all slag can also be used as a limiting factor for rice [!, however, this fact sheet will mainly focus on solid co-products treatments with three replicates were. After rice harvesting in each fraction of soil Environment Analysis, Hakuyusha, Tokyo, 2004..., is the Subject Area `` rice '' applicable to this article brown rice yields by... Slag processing unit eaf slag building material, not suitable as fertiliser ladle slag steel and... Are effective in this experiment, application of the general waste slag as fertilizer rate ( 2.
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