california missions slavery

In Washington, DC. The neophytes the friars chose to carry out the priests’ commands were “like the overseers of a slave plantation: passive beings, blind performers of the will of their superiors (friars).” They beat any Indian, no matter what age or sex, who violated mission rules. Such is the character of the men we are required to correct, and whose crimes we must punish.16. Spanish California sustained a series of missions which represented in a compressed time frame a close approximation of the ideal operation of frontier missions. Force was the natural concomitant of violent cultural change. For Serra, his missions “were little more than forced labor. 2. Please consider making a tax-deductible donation, Matt Fox my eyes are being opened by your recounting of this history. The San Diego History Center a Smithsonian Affiliate and member to the San Diego Museum Council and Balboa Park Cultural Partnership. The “Reconquista” of the Spanish homeland from Moorish invaders encompassed an 800 year period which terminated only on the eve of Spanish discovery, conquest and colonization of the New World. See also: Matthew Fox, A Way To God: Thomas Merton’s Creation Spirituality Journey, pp. 26. California Fugitive Slave Act of 1852: In 1852, pro-slavery forces in California pushed a law through the legislature that put many blacks at risk of being forcibly deported back to slaveholding states in the south – and to lives of brutal indentured servitude. 2, pp. 1649 El Prado, Suite #3 These reports provide a concise summary of baptisms, marriages, deaths and total population resident at each mission. In Alta California, the Spanish established missions near Native American settlements and encouraged them to join the missions, persuading them of the advantages they would obtain. Fox A review by Edd Doerr, President, Americans for … 1, p. 442. However it was early apparent that alien Christian doctrines held little attractive power for suspicious natives. 28. When supplies ran short, as they frequently did in the early days, natives were encouraged to leave the missions in order to forage for themselves and thus relieve the pressure on limited mission supplies. Married couples were considered most difficult to teach because of ingrained beliefs and lifestyles. San Diego History Center Now! This report is the most eloquent and complete defense in existence.13, If indeed by slavery we mean an almost total restriction of personal freedom, Lasuén’s defense is the system’s condemnation. To learn more, visit. Sins of the Spirit, Blessings of the Flesh: Transforming Evil in Soul and Society. The missionaries would have philosophically preferred dead Christians to live pagans. No man entered the California mission field to live a life of ease or to acquire a fortune.28. Women, Lasuén granted, were flogged as well when they deserved it. Natives were not irrevocably bound to missions until baptism, which commonly took place two or three months after instruction in Catholic doctrine began. Discipline ultimately depended upon physical abuse and this was pointed out by the foreigner. Yes, We Live on Ohlone Land. 12. (CNN)California Gov. SAN DIEGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY QUARTERLY Corporal punishment is inflicted on the Indians of both sexes who neglect the exercises of piety, and many sins, which are left in Europe to the divine justice, are here punished by iron and stocks. In 1797 Padre Antonio de la Concepción Hora, who had come to California the same year, was sent back to Mexico by President Fermín Francisco de Lasuén on charges of insanity. The reconquest of the Spanish homeland from Moorish colonizers was indeed an epic war to recover territory, but because of obvious religious differences it had the added aspect of a grand religious crusade. Thus it was essential that California’s Indians be “reduced” into settled and stable communities where they would become good subjects of the King and children of God.5 Missionization required a brutally sudden change in cultural patterns and lifestyle akin in several respects to the forced movement of black people from Africa to the American South. As Elias Castillo puts it, “Some may have simply willed themselves to die, unable to stand the terrible stress….Nearly half of the missions populations died each year” and to make up for such losses the friars hunted farther and farther to find tribes from which they could seek a new and free labor force for their plantations. 5. Finally, by 1836 the Mexican Republic forcibly stripped the padres of the power to coerce labor from the Indians and the mission rapidly collapsed. A similar incident occurred in June of 1797 around San Francisco which sheds light on motives for desertion. Through peculiarities of Spanish history, religious and secular became so intertwined as to create an inseparable bond between the two. in Kenneally, The Writings of Fermín Francisco de Lasuén, vol. Lasuén’s ultimate defense of the system which he served rested upon the defective character of the natives. La Pérouse left a picture of a highly regularized communal system in which transgressions of rules made by the Franciscans were swiftly punished. The principle emerges that decent people whose motives as judged by their own standards are excellent, have frequently violated other people who live by different standards. Stocks, shackles and hobbles were also applied to neophytes accused of neglect of work or religious duties, overstaying leave of absence, sexual offenses, thefts and quarreling.15. The floggings ranged from ten lashes up to fifty which could prove fatal. French Naval Captain Jean-Francois de Galaup, Comte de Laperouse, sailed into Monterey Bay on September 14, 1786. July 12, 2020. Despite the absence of motivation for personal gain the missions nevertheless destroyed those people they had been sent to save. "A Cross of Thorns" describes the dark and violent reality of Mission life. 588-596. Hubert H. Bancroft, History of California, vol. Turkanoff’s lurid description may be inaccurate in detail but numerous sources confirm vicious maltreatment toward apostates. Consequently, neophytes were lured to missions with beads, trinkets, food, clothing and promises of a better life. La Pérouse condemned the mission system which made men “whose state at present scarcely differs from that of the negro inhabitants of our colonies, at least in those plantations which are governed with most mildness and humanity.”. Clearly, the Franciscan missionaries stood to gain little in a material sense from their arduous labor. Consequently only an approximation can be arrived at by comparing population increase with the difference between baptisms and deaths for a stated period.20 The result is a figure varying somewhere between 5 and 10 percent. In March of 1795 Father Antonio Dante directed fourteen Christian Indians to cross the bay from Mission San Francisco in search of runaways. For the Indians it signified the beginning of brutal suffering and cultural genocide. Oloton was flogged for ignoring his wife after she had sinned with a vaquero. This separation of children from families was justified since at a tender age they had not fully developed fixed habits and beliefs and thus were more easily influenced by missionaries. by Summer Furzer | Apr 1, 1978 | | 0 comments, The Journal of San Diego History The Father President’s refutation included a scathing indictment of the very people whom he served. 194-234. Here are aborigines whom we are teaching to be men, people of vicious and ferocious habits who know no law but force. La Pérouse commented favorably upon the Spanish inhabitants and the climate. While criticisms leveled at mission management by outsiders were apt to be less than sympathetic, defenses of the missions by the Franciscans were written with an eye to justification. Diseases, starvation, filthy and crowded living conditions, cruelty and torture–but also depression killed the mission Indians. None of the missionaries could lay claim even to the cassock which he wore. Jean F. G. De la Pérouse, A Voyage Round the World Performed in the Years 1785, 1786, 1787 and 1788 by the Bousole and Astrolabe (New York, 1968) vol. Eighty-three Christians and seven gentiles were captured and taken to Mission San José. Men were publicly whipped to serve as an example while women were lashed in an enclosed and distant area so their cries would not be heard by their men. Slavery, in the usual sense of the word, implies economic exploitation of the enslaved for the benefit of the slaveowner. Required fields are marked *. Missions were cultural and religious vanguards of conquest. 2, pp. in Kenneally, The Writings of Fermín Francisco de Lasuén, vol. The result in many cases was slavery in fact although not in intent. Slavery was technically outlawed in the United States with the passage of the 13th Amendment, but another type of slavery exploded in California in … See Fermín Francisco de Lasuén to Fray José Gasol, San Carlos, December 29, 1800. Another, Magin was put in the stocks when he was ill. Claudio was beaten by the Alcalde with a stick and forced to work when ill, while José Manuel was struck with a bludgeon. The California missions fall far short of this classical definition. Fray Luis Jayme and a blacksmith were killed, the carpenter and a number of soldiers of the mission guard were wounded. 1. The witnesses went on to catalog other abuses although hunger was cited as the most prevalent reason.22. Our museums and archives are temporarily closed to support the effort to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus. 4. 2, pp. In “A Cross of Thorns: The Enslavement of California’s Indians by the Spanish Missions,” published last year, Castillo draws on seven years … After one abortive attempt to capture renegades, Governor Diego de Borica organized an expedition to attack the rancheria located across the bay and to capture head men and deserters. 20. I’m reading Naomi Klein’s book The Shock Doctrine and that’s another revelation! Disaster was sometimes the result of these expeditions. MISSIONS as developed in Spain’s colonial empire have not only been characterized as frontier institutions, but from their inception they have been a controversial feature of the Spanish frontier. Despite good intentions the mission system decimated and destroyed native peoples subject to it. A Way to God: Thomas Merton’s Creation Spirituality JourneyIn A Way to God, Fox explores Merton’s pioneering work in interfaith, his essential teachings on mixing contemplation and action, and how the vision of Meister Eckhart profoundly influenced Merton in what Fox calls his Creation Spirituality journey. Syphilis, introduced by single soldiers, was the major cause of mortality and declining birth rates since it caused sterility and was passed on congenitally. It had long been an admitted principle in American politics that free states could be admitted only when accompanied by slave states. The rules and regulations designed to produce Christian subjects for the King were developed over centuries and are a readily available portion of the historical record. 42-61. As an essentially Western faith, Christianity requires an understanding and acceptance of basic Western values. For a contemporary expression of the dual role of the California missions see Patentes e Ynstrucciones dados a los Empleados de la Expedicción maritima de Monterrey, José de Gálvez, Puerto de la Paz, December 6, 1768, Archivo General de Indias, Guadalajara 416. At Mission San Diego de Alcalá flogging of Indians helped to instigate an open attack in which Fray Luis Jayme and a blacksmith were killed. 24. Following long-term secular and religious policy of Spain in Spanish America, the missionaries forced the native Californians to live in settlements called reductions, disrupting their traditional way of life. Before baptism, neophytes were warned that once they had become Christians their lives would be restricted to the mission compound.7 The rationale for this stricture on mobility is clear in light of the mission’s twofold obligation to Christianize and Hispanicize. 619-232-6203. The roots of the mission system as it developed rest in part in the unique relationship between state secular and sacerdotal laboriously developed in Spain. Commandants of the presidios were also asked to report on punishments used at the missions and their … Their inclination to lewdness and theft is on a par with their love for the mountains. The San Diego History Center is funded in part by the City of San Diego Commission for Arts and Culture and by the County of San Diego. Societies that Control the Traffic Invoke the Aid of Law and Highbinders, and Have Also Appealed to Their Consul ⁠ PASADENA, Cal., Sept. 15-When the slaves were emancipated during the civil war it was supposed that slavery had ceased in the United States, yet within a short time a missionary in California has asked aid for a most peculiar purpose. Girls who had passed their eighth year were housed in the monjerio in which they were confined under lock and key at night to protect their virtue. A record of Indian behavior under the mission regimen does provide historians with some clue. Too often economic exploitation of native peoples was the strongest foundation of the surrounding civilian and military society.4. 186-189. A new law — carried by San Diego Democratic Assemblymember Shirley Weber — establishes a nine-person committee to study California’s complicity in slavery, develop proposals on what reparations might look like for descendants of enslaved people, and determine who might get paid.. Reparations can take many forms — they could be direct cash payments or subsidized education and … See: Elias Castillo, A Cross of Thorns: The Enslavement of California’s Indians by the Spanish Missions, pp. Matthew Fox, PhD, author, theologian, and activist priest, has been calling people of spirit and conscience into the Creation Spirituality lineage for over 50 years. Indians were assigned living quarters on the basis of age and marital status. Despite denial by the Fathers, nearly all witnesses cited excessive flogging, hunger and the death of relatives. Summations of their reports are contained in Hubert H. Bancroft, History of California (San Francisco, 1886) vol. Sign-up for our e-newsletter: Fray Mariano Payeras to Fray Baldomero Lopéz, La Purísima, July 26,1820, SBMA. Diseases, starvation, filthy and crowded living conditions, cruelty and torture–but also depression killed the mission Indians. The use of public property and taxes to display them is one key to the objection. Desertion was not an occasional occurrence but rather a persistent problem. As natives were Hispanicized they were gradually granted limited freedom of movement between missions, pueblos and presidios. Active and passive resistance to the regimen was commonplace and clearly suggests many Indians resided at Missions under duress rather than by choice. Chumash Indian rebellion against California missions (1824) Andrew Jackson elected president (1828); “Jacksonian Democracy”: white male equality, pro-slavery, anti-Indian wars and removals Mexico abolishes slavery (1829) Meanwhile more discreet means of striking at the regime were practiced. Pope Francis and Father Junipero Serra: Sanctifying slavery and genocide. See Harold Livermore, A History of Spain (New York, 1958). Hispanicization implied much more than simple religious instruction. And lastly, to complete the similtude between this and other religious communities, it must be observed, that the moment an Indian is baptised, the effect is the same as if he had pronounced a vow for life. Of the missionaries, he observed, “it is with the most pleasing satisfaction that I speak of the pious and prudent conduct of these religious men, which so perfectly accords with the object of their institution.”10 The Frenchman was impressed by the sincerity and hospitality of the missionaries but he found mission theocracy incompatible with natural rights of man. Historia de Mexico, Primera Serie, tomo 2. . European diseases wrought the same devastating effect upon California natives as they did upon natives throughout the Americas. Thank you Matthew for bringing these crimes to daylight and to our consciences. Spain sent with her New World immigrants an ancient concept of social order dependent upon communal living. Several Indians received near mortal lashings but all were eventually released at the request of their Franciscan mentors.18, The revolt at San Diego was the only organized outbreak of its kind. Black slavery is a footnote in California … Form and severity of punishment were determined by a cacique who was chosen by the Indians from among those whom the missionaries had not excluded. I’m fairly educated yet I am learning about these missions for the first time!! The population decline is made more notable since in twenty-four years I have known only two epidemics, that of 1801 and the measles of 1806.27. Females were locked in compartments reserved for unmarried girls while men were confined in kitchens or other workrooms. One native named Tiburcio claimed he had been flogged for crying at the death of his wife and child. Serra, who was born in Spain, came to the Americas in 1749, and in 1769 he founded the first of what would become 21 missions along the California coast. Further, he observed: It is very possible, that in their former mode of life they were rarely ill, but the great change in their habits, the different kind of nourishment they now take, their being constrained to labor much more constantly than before, with other circumstances, may have operated powerfully upon their constitutions.24, Despite concern and good intentions disease ran rampant. The insurgents were held in shackles and chains for a year while a fit punishment was discussed. Yet famed for its liberal reputation, California has a far more complicated history. Benites pointed to the most serious causes including dysentery, fevers, pleurisy, the humid and cold climate, pneumonia, viruses but most importantly, syphilis23 In 1806, a Russian visitor, the Baron Von Langsdorf commented upon the sad state of medical knowledge in Alta California. Economic motives cannot be assigned to the Franciscan frontiersmen who pioneered Alta California. Uniformly they maintained that from 15 to 50 lashes were the norm although a novenary of twenty-five lashes per day for nine days was sometimes applied. Corporal punishment was indeed an important feature of mission routine. They live well free but as soon as we reduce them to a Christian and community life they decline in health, they fatten, sicken and die. Economic motives cannot be assigned to the Franciscan frontiersmen who pioneered Alta California. 9. In late 1800 three fathers became mysteriously ill and a rumor circulated suggesting an Indian from Mission San Miguel had poisoned them. 1649 El Prado, Suite #3 San Diego, CA 92101, For research questions: It is the sorrowful experience of 51 years that Indians live poorly in the missions. Meetings, Lectures & Workshops – History Center. info@sandiegohistory.org 160-171. Craven Street Books, 2015, 249 pp. Lead extract, used as a curative contributed to illness and death in the long run.26. In the ensuing fight two soldiers were wounded and seven natives killed. He makes explicit the slave-like conditions of the Indians “whose state at present scarcely differs from that of the Negro inhabitants of our colonies….” It “brought to our recollection a plantation at Santo Domingo or any other West Indian island.”  The “noise of the whip” was everywhere. 25. Records enumerating apostates were not kept. The European civilization of which the Franciscans were the purveyors contributed in other ways to the destruction of the first Californians. From Paraguay to New Mexico and finally north to California, missions implanted Spanish culture and religion upon native peoples subjected to them. These commentaries demand equally cautious interpretation. As an alternative to subjugation and control by force of arms, these institutions attempted to implant concepts of social order and culture held by the dominant Hispanic society.1 The position of the Indian within this system was at best ambiguous when measured against the later issue of freedom versus slavery. The question of slavery extension made California an integral part of the territory of the United States; the birth, a half-century ago, of the free State of California, inflicted a mortal wound upon the enemy of human freedom.. See Fray Vicente Sarría to the missionaries, Soledad, June 6, 1814, Archives of the Archdiocese of San Francisco. Thank you for your writing and speaking!♥️. The Franciscans in California were only dimly aware of the ideals of human freedom popularized by the Enlightenment, and certainly had little sympathy for them. Married couples were housed in a special compound along with small children. Your email address will not be published. Through comparing the Eastern tradition of the 7 chakras to the Western The tendency is to blame the missionaries for the near extinction of mission Indians. Physical punishment of neophytes was therefore a topic infrequently mentioned by missionaries. The Fugitive Slave Law decreed any person brought to California pre-statehood as a slave would be considered a slave in the eyes of the law, even though the California constitution banned slavery and the state entered the Union as a “free state” under the Compromise of 1850. They also established four military installations throughout California, el Presidio Real de San Carlos de Monterey, el Presidio Real de San Diego, el Presidio Real de San Francisco, and el Presidio Real de Santa Bárbara. The Missouri Compromise brings Missouri and Maine into the union and slavery to the American West. It is a simple task to define the theoretical operation of missions. Simultaneously, the Reformation confirmed Spanish Catholicism and made of the coalescing nation a repository of the “true faith.” Spain’s orthodoxy won from the papacy unique privileges and unparalleled control over the Catholic Church within her borders.2 Thus the splendid burst of energy which propelled Spain across two oceans and a continent in the century after 1492 was sustained by both territorial and religious motives. in Finbar Kenneally, The Writings of Fermín Francisco de Lasuén (Washington, 1965) vol. Squads of soldiers were sent into the hills to surprise and capture renegades with some success. They were subsequently sentenced by Borica to receive from twenty-five to seventy-five lashes and to work in shackles at the presidio from two months to a year.21, In this and subsequent testimony efforts were made to determine causes for desertion. When Indians killed a priest who was especially cruel in his whipping they were caught and sentenced to fifty daily lashes each for nine days and to life sentences of hard labor. The California Missions Resource Center is a comprehensive and unique resource for historical information on the twenty-one California Missions. A much greater percentage made aborted attempts at escape. Have we advanced far regarding economic justice since Serra’s time? 1. The most succinct analysis of the role of the frontier mission is contained in Herbert E. Bolton, “The Mission as a Frontier Institution in the Spanish American Colonies,” American Historical Review, 23 (1917), pp. This destruction was inexcusable but it was not intentional. Expediente on diseases of the Indians by José María Benites, Monterey, January 1, 1805, Santa Barbara Mission Archives (SBMA). Father President Fermín Francisco de Lasuén, Refutation of Charges, San Carlos, June 19, 1801. 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